![]() ![]() Goldsmith, Donald, “Edwin Hubble and the Universe Outside our Galaxy,” in Neyman, Jerzy, ed., The Heritage of Copernicus: Theories “Pleasing to the Mind” (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1974). Gingerich, Owen, “The Scale of the Universe: A Curtain Raiser in Four Acts and Four Morals,” PASP 108, 1068-72 (1996). Gingerich, Owen, “Shapley, Hubble, and Cosmology,” in Edwin Hubble Centennial Symposium, U. J., Modern Theories of the Universe: From Herschel to Hubble (Dover, NY, 1994).Įdmunds, M.G., “Origin of the Hubble Sequence,” Nature 337, 600-01 (1989). 2: Measuring and Modeling the Universe, ed. Martínez, Virginia Trimble, and María Jesús Pons-Bordería (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, 2001), pp.145-56.Ĭhristianson, Gale E., “Edwin Hubble: A Biographical Retrospective,” Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. Hubble and the Extragalactic Nebulae,” JRASC 93, 258 (1999).Ĭhristianson, Gale E., “Edwin Hubble: Reluctant Cosmologist,” in Historical Development of Modern Cosmology, ASP Conference Proceedings Vol. Hetherington, “The Hubble-van Maanen Conflict over Internal Motions in Spiral Nebulae: Yet More New Information on an Already Old Topic,” Vistas in Astronomy 34, 4, 415-23 (1991).Ĭhapman, David M.F., “Edwin P. Seeley, Man Discovers the Galaxies (Science History Pubs., NY, 1976).īertotti, B., et al, eds., Modern Cosmology in Retrospect (Cambridge Univ. Other References: Historicalīerendzen, R., R. ![]() See also Hubble, Edwin P., The Edwin Hubble Papers previously unpublished manuscripts on the extragalactic nature of spiral nebulae, edited, annotated, and with an historical introduction by Norriss S. Hubble is discussed in many oral history interviews at the Niels Bohr Library & Archives. Hubble’s Papers are at the Huntington Library with a microform copy at the AIP Center for History of Physics. Hubble Law, Hubble Constant, Hubble Time, Hubble Flow, etc. P., PASP 66, 120-25 (1954).ĪIP Center for History of Physics Caltech Archives ġ914 New Albany High School yearbook-dedicated to Hubble, who taught Spanish and physics and coached basketball that year Hubble, Humason, and Hubble's Constant ObituariesĪdams, W.S., Observatory 74, 32-35 (1954). Whitrow, G.J., Dictionary of Scientific Biography 6, 528-33. Wands, David, The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive & Igor Dmitrievich Novikov, Edwin Hubble, the Discoverer of the Big Bang Universe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1993). Kron, ed., Edwin Hubble Centennial Symposium, Univ. Gwinn, “Self-made Cosmologist: the Education of Edwin Hubble,” in Richard G. Mayall, N.U., Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science 41, 175-214. Glass, Ian, Revolutionaries of the Cosmos: The Astro-Physicists (Oxford Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004).Ĭlub Astronomique du Val de Loir of Chicago Press, 1996).Ĭhristianson, Gale E., “Mastering the Universe,” Astronomy 27, 2, 60 (1999).Ĭhristianson, Gale E., “ Edwin Hubble: A Biographical Retrospective,” in Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series, Vol. Biographical materialsĬhristianson, Gale E., Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1995, Univ. Some offices heldĪstronomical Society of the Pacific, President, 1933. Royal Astronomical Society, Gold medal, 1940, presented by H.C. Other awardsįranklin Institute, Benjamin Franklin Medal, 1939. Presentation of Bruce medalīabcock, H.D., PASP 50, 87-96 (1938). ![]() Slipher’s measurements of their redshifts, and in 1929 Hubble published the velocity-distance relation which, taken as evidence of an expanding Universe, is the basis of modern observational cosmology. (He had earlier classified galactic nebulae.) Hubble measured distances to galaxies and with Milton L. His investigation of these and similar objects, which he called extragalactic nebulae and which astronomers today call galaxies, led to his now-standard classification system of elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies, and to proof that they are distributed uniformly out to great distances. In 1923 - 25 he identified Cepheid variables in “nebulae” NGC 6822, M31, and M33 and proved conclusively that they are outside the Galaxy, thus demonstrating that our Galaxy is not the Universe. Wilson and Palomar Observatories in 1948. After obtaining his doctorate he spent his career, aside from army service in both world wars, at Mt. He taught high school for a year in Indiana and then returned to Chicago’s Yerkes Observatory and astronomy. A native of Missouri, Edwin Hubble earned his bachelor’s degree at the University of Chicago, won a Rhodes scholarship, and earned a law degree at the University of Oxford.
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